Pamene Disembala ifika, anthu mabiliyoni padziko lonse lapansi amasangalala ndi chikondwerero cha Khirisimasi—magetsi owala, mitengo yokongoletsedwa, nyimbo zachisangalalo, ndi kuyembekezera kupereka mphatso. Komabe, mizu yakale ya chikondwererochi cha “chisangalalo padziko lonse lapansi” ndi yovuta kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa kuposa momwe ambiri amaganizira. Kusintha kwa Khirisimasi ndi nkhani yaikulu yokhudza chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndi mbiri, yophatikiza zikondwerero zachikunja, zaumulungu zachikhristu, nthano, ndi chitukuko chamakono chamalonda.
1. Chinsinsi cha Tsiku: N’chifukwa chiyani pa 25 Disembala?
Funso lofunika komanso losangalatsa ndi lakuti: n’chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kukondwerera kubadwa kwa Yesu pa Disembala 25? Chipangano Chatsopano sichitchula tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa Yesu. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi akatswiri a zaumulungu amavomerezana kwambiri kuti Tchalitchi choyambirira chinasankha tsikuli kuti chilandire ndikusintha maphwando angapo achikunja odziwika bwino mu Ufumu wa Roma.
Chikondwerero chofunika kwambiri chofanana chinali "Dies Natalis Solis Invicti" (Kubadwa kwa Dzuwa Losagonjetseka). Mu kalendala ya Julian, Disembala 25 imakhala nthawi yochepa pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira, zomwe zimawonetsa kubwerera kwa masiku ataliatali ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Mfumu Aurelian idakhazikitsa mwambowu mu 274 AD polambira mulungu wa dzuwa Sol. Mwa kusankha tsiku lomwelo kuti likondwerere kubadwa kwa Yesu, yemwe adamutcha "Dzuwa la Chilungamo," Tchalitchi choyambirira chidayika tsikulo ndi chizindikiro chachikulu: "Kuwala kwa Dziko" kwenikweni kunabwera, kulowa m'malo mwa kulambira dzuwa kwachikunja.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, chikondwerero cha Aroma cha Saturnalia, chomwe chinkachitika kuyambira pa 17 mpaka 23 Disembala, chinapangitsa kuti Khirisimasi ikhale yosangalatsa. Pa nthawi imeneyi, dongosolo la anthu linasinthidwa kwakanthawi: akapolo ankatha kudya ndi ambuye awo, anthu ankasinthana mphatso, ankadya, kuyatsa makandulo, komanso kuchita zinthu zosangalatsa. Zinthu zimenezi pambuyo pake zinaphatikizidwa mu zikondwerero za Khirisimasi.
2. Kuchokera ku Chikondwerero cha Zipembedzo mpaka ku Chikondwerero cha Zaka za M'ma 500
Pambuyo pokhazikitsidwa mwalamulo ndi Tchalitchi cha Roma cha m'ma 400, zikondwerero za Khirisimasi ku Europe wa m'zaka za m'ma 500, makamaka ku British Isles, pang'onopang'ono zinakhala zazikulu komanso... zachiwawa. Sizinali tchuthi chachipembedzo chokha koma nyengo ya masiku khumi ndi awiri ya chikondwerero cha anthu (kuyambira pa 25 Disembala mpaka 6 Januwale, Epiphany).
Chimodzi mwa miyambo yake yotchuka kwambiri chinali kusankha "Lord of Misrule" kapena "Abbot of Unreasonableness." Panthawiyi, anthu wamba ankatha kusewera udindo wa ambuye, pomwe ulamuliro weniweni unkayimitsidwa kwakanthawi, wodzaza ndi kunyoza ndi kupandukira. Kudya, kumwa mowa, ma parade, ndi masewero osiyanasiyana kunadzaza m'misewu. Mtundu uwu wa chikondwerero unakhala wosasangalatsa komanso wachisokonezo kotero kuti pambuyo pake unayambitsa chitsutso champhamvu kuchokera kwa a Puritan.
3. Kuletsa kwa Apuritan ndi Kubwezeretsedwa kwa Chipembedzo cha Victorian
M'zaka za m'ma 1600, Apuritan ku England ndi madera a ku North America ankaona Khirisimasi ngati yopanda maziko a m'Baibulo ndipo ankaona kuti zikondwerero zake zinali zoipa, zonyansa, komanso zachikunja. Mu ulamuliro wa Cromwell, zikondwerero za Khirisimasi zinaletsedwa kwakanthawi ku England. Mu Massachusetts Bay Colony, kukondwerera Khirisimasi kunali kosaloledwa kuyambira 1659 mpaka 1681.
Chithunzi chamakono cha Khirisimasi chimachokera ku Britain wa nthawi ya Victorian (zaka za m'ma 1800). Munthawi imeneyi, anthu awiri ofunikira komanso buku lina linasintha Khrisimasi:
- Kalonga Albert: Anayambitsa mwambo wa ku Germany wokongoletsa mitengo ya Khirisimasi kwa banja lachifumu la Britain, womwe unakhala chizolowezi cha dziko lonse pambuyo poti atolankhani afalitsa nkhani.
- Charles Dickens: Buku lake la 1843Carol wa KhirisimasiBukuli linatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha mzimu waukulu wa "kubwereranso kwa mabanja," "chifundo ndi ubwino," "kugawana mowolowa manja," ndi "mizimu ya tchuthi." Bukuli linasintha bwino Khirisimasi kuchoka pa chikondwerero cha anthu onse kukhala tchuthi chofunda, chokhazikika pabanja chodzaza ndi chikondi ndi malingaliro abwino.
- Pakadali pano, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wosindikiza kuchokera ku Industrial Revolution kunapangitsa kuti khadi la Khirisimasi litchuke, zomwe zinalimbitsa ntchito ya tchuthiyi yopereka madalitso ndi chikumbutso.
4. Nthano "Yopangidwa" ya Santa Claus
Santa Claus wamakono—mwamuna wokondwa, wovala suti yofiira ndi yoyera amene amapereka mphatso kudzera mu sleigh yokokedwa ndi mphalapala ndi chimney—ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino cha "kupanga chikhalidwe."
- Chitsanzo chake ndi Saint Nicholas, bishopu wa m'zaka za zana lachinayi wochokera ku Asia Minor wodziwika ndi kupereka mphatso mobisa.
- Anthu ochokera ku Netherlands anabweretsa chifaniziro chawo cha "Sinterklaas" ku New Amsterdam (tsopano ku New York), ndipo pang'onopang'ono dzina lake linasanduka "Santa Claus."
- Ndakatulo ya Clement Clarke Moore, wolemba ndakatulo wa m'zaka za m'ma 1800"Ulendo Wochokera kwa St. Nicholas"(yodziwikansomonga 'Usiku Usanachitike Khirisimasi) anawonjezera zinthu monga mphalapala, galimoto yonyamula katundu, ndi kulowa kudzera mu chimney.
- Pomaliza, wojambula zithunzi wa ku America Thomas Nast, kudzera muzithunzi zingapo kuyambira m'ma 1860 mpaka 1880, adakhazikitsa mawonekedwe amakono a Santa: wonenepa, wandevu zoyera, komanso wokhala ku North Pole.
- Mndandanda wa zotsatsa za The Coca-Cola Company m'zaka za m'ma 1930, zomwe zinajambulidwa ndi wojambula Haddon Sundblom, zinawonjezera chithunzi cha Santa chofiira ndi choyera padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti sichinachokere, kampeniyi inathandiza kwambiri pakulimbitsa ndi kufalitsa mawonekedwe omwe tsopano ndi otchuka.
5. Zikondwerero Zosiyanasiyana Padziko Lonse
Masiku ano, Khirisimasi yapitirira chiyambi chake chachipembedzo mpaka kukhala chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse, ndikupanga miyambo yapadera padziko lonse lapansi:
- Ku Japan, Khirisimasi imafanana ndi Tsiku la Valentine, ndipo kusangalala ndi "Christmas Barrel" ya KFC kwakhala mwambo wapadera wa dzikolo.
- Ku Sweden, anthu amamanga udzu waukulu wotchedwa "Gävle Goat," womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala chandamale cha anthu okonda kuwotcha.
- Ku Venezuela, pa Khirisimasi, anthu okhala m'deralo nthawi zambiri amapita kutchalitchi kukachita Misa.
- Ku Philippines, amakhala ndi nyengo yayitali kwambiri ya Khirisimasi padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Januwale.
Mapeto
Kuyambira pa zikondwerero za nyengo yozizira ku Roma wakale, mpaka pa chikondwerero cha anthu ambiri cha m'zaka zapakati, mpaka pa chonyamulira cha makhalidwe abwino a mabanja mu nthawi ya Victorian, komanso mpaka masiku ano a tchuthi padziko lonse lapansi, mbiri ya Khirisimasi ndi nkhani yomveka bwino yokhudza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi kusakanikirana. Imatikumbutsa kuti miyambo siili yokhazikika koma imapeza mphamvu zokhalitsa kudzera mu kuyamwa kosalekeza, kusintha, ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano. Tikamayatsa magetsi a mtengo wa Khirisimasi lero, timalumikizana osati ndi kutentha kwa banja kokha komanso ndi mtsinje wowala wa nyenyezi, womwe umakula zaka chikwi, wopangidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa zikhalidwe zambiri komanso malingaliro a anthu ofanana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-25-2025